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Thursday, 12 January 2023

FUNERARY MONUMENTS OF THE DUTCH CEMETERY IN FORT KOCHI

Photograph-October, 2022

In the previous series of posts, I wrote about the Portuguese funerary monuments in Cochin. We also saw Dutch and English funerary markers in St Francis church, but it is not the only site in Cochin where you find them. In the upcoming posts, I will briefly go through a few other places in Cochin area where the Dutch and the British graves are still preserved.

1) Dutch Cemetery of Fort Cochin
Like St Francis church, the Dutch Cemetery of Fort Cochin is a well known tourist spot. The 18th-century cemetery is only a walk-able distance (c. 300 m) from the St Francis church and has both Dutch and English graves. The tombs have no cross symbols, which is a rare phenomenon even in the protestant cemeteries of Kerala today. The graveyard is not open to the public, but the tombs are visible from the main entrance and the western boundary near the beach side. However, if you want to access the graves and properly  explore the epitaphs, you must enter the compound, and for that you need permission of the C.S.I. church authorities who manage the site now. The cemetery was established in 1724, but the oldest surviving tomb is dated from 1784 only. The site originally was the location of an orphanage and in old Dutch maps, the street was called Weeshuijsstraat (Orphanage Street). 

A few interesting facts about the Dutch Cemetery of Cochin:
The date of establishment-1724
The area of the cemetery-1500 sq.m (c. 37 cents)
The total number of existing funerary monuments-104
The number of funerary monuments with a visible Dutch script-13
The oldest surviving Dutch tomb-Johan Daimichen (d. 30 August, 1784)
The youngest Dutch tomb-Catharina Sara Smit (d. 15 November, 1820)
The largest Dutch tomb-Aletta Augustina Thiel (d. 20 November, 1784)
The best preserved Dutch epitaph-Johannes van Blankenberg (d. 2 April, 1794)
The oldest surviving English tomb-Charles Rolland (d. 1807)
The youngest English tomb-Joseph Ethelbert Winckler (d. 15 September, 1913)
The tallest funerary monument-English (unknown identity)
(Courtesy for the burial dates: sharedcemeteries.net and Roberts & Chekkutty, 2017).

There is a popular misconception that the Dutch Cemetery of Cochin is the oldest European cemetery in India (see here, here and here). Ironically, there are several cemeteries in India established by the Dutch in the 17th century (eg. Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh etc), so the 18th-century Dutch Cemetery of Cochin  is actually one of the youngest! Sir Charles Allen Lawson in 1861 (British and Native Cochin, p.26) writes: "Near to the Church (St Francis) is the old Dutch Cemetery, a small, square plot enclosed with high walls. The tombs flat,dome and pyramid shaped are occasionally diversified by broken pillars, urns and sarcophagi, all more of less blackened by exposure; the grass rank and wild here and there lost sight of among bushes of a beautiful orange-flowered weed that infests this part of India". Nothing much has changed in the cemetery even after several decades, but the paved path is a recent addition.

 

Dutch Cemetery at different time intervals

Photographs taken on August, 2015; February, 2017; October, 2022 and February, 2023

Rene ten Dam and team (Dodenalkers.nl Foundation) has surveyed the cemetery in 2020 and have shared their observations in the website here. According to this latest survey, only 13 grave monuments can be found with a Dutch text or a reference to a Dutch person. If you are interested to know more about them, Valentine Wikaart has an excellent series of biographical articles in the same site. There is also a very helpful map for the cemetery with the position of all the graves marked. Though the total number of the grave monuments are estimated to be around 104, it is not possible to distinguish how many of them are Dutch and English tombs separately, since most of the graves lack a legible epitaph now.

The 13 Dutch epitaphs are as follows: 

D1) Johan Daimichen (died 30 August, 1784)
D2) Aletta Augustina Thiel (died 20 November, 1784)
D3) Jacob Bernard Weinsheimer (died 1 March, 1790)
D4) Johannes van Blankenberg (died 2 April, 1794)
D5) Johan Adam Cellarius  (died 15 June, 1796)
D6) Adriaan Poolvliet (died 10 September, 1799)
D7) C & C (died 14 October, 1799)
D8) Dorothea Lambertina Zeijsig (died 10 November, 1800)
D9) Cornelia Elisabeth Vogt (died 11 February, 1804)
D10) Samuel Homans (died 1808)
D11) Helena Elizabeth Muller (died 12 December, 1814)
D12) Johannes Wolff and Catharina Sara Smit (died 18 September 1815 and 15 November 1820)
D13) Unknown 82-year old
(credit: sharedcemeteries.net; the labels D1 to D13 are my additions)

Once you are inside the graveyard, you can explore the monuments with the help of the map from sharedcemeteries.net. However, for a casual visitor, the locked cemetery is inaccessible. Nevertheless, you can still observe most of the graves, specially from the western boundary, provided the graveyard is cleared of the overgrown vegetation. I have not accessed the cemetery so far, but from the photographs I took outside the compound at different time periods, and using the above mentioned map, I could locate the 13 tombs precisely except that of Samuel Holman, which is partly hidden under vegetation and sandwiched between other grave monuments. For all those who cannot enter inside the cemetery, but still prefer to know the position of tombs, I am hereby uploading two images where all the 13 graves are marked, the labels used are as given above. Also including are 3 British tombs, two of them can be easily identified, but the third one which is also the tallest monument in the cemetery, has an illegible epitaph, so far, I could only read the words "Sacred to the Memory of the Beloved Wife...".

The English epitaphs included in this study are:
E1) Peter Winckler (died 23 September, 1841 or 1842, age 78)
E2) Lieut. Col. Arthur Frith (died 22 April, 1824, age 57)
E3) A woman of unknown identity (n.d.) 

(Courtesy for the burial dates: Roberts & Chekkutty, 2017). 

 Location of the Dutch (D1 to D13) and English (E1 to E3) Tombs in the Dutch Cemetery.

The following are some more photographs I took of the cemetery and its surroundings. The close-up views of a few Dutch and English tombs are also included. The same labeling is used as above, and  all photographs were taken outside the cemetery.

Enlarged views of the Dutch grave monuments


Enlarged views of 3 British grave monuments

Entrance of the cemetery with the foundation date (A. D. 1724). 

The south and east boundary walls are captured here, the entrance gate is at the middle of the eastern boundary wall.

 Views of the cemetery from the Eastern boundary wall


 

Posted by CONTACT ME (Dr. Laju Paul K.) at 03:46

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INTRODUCTION

The monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam arrived India much before they reached the West. For instance, it is widely believed that Christianity reached the subcontinent only after Portuguese, the first European colonists arrived India in the 15th century. However, long before Christianity reached many parts of Europe, it came to India. According to strong, continuous and unanimous traditions among the ancient Syrian Christians of Kerala, Christianity was introduced to India by St: Thomas, the Apostle of Jesus Christ in 52 AD, who established seven churches in Kerala. Contrary to popular belief that Islam came to India through the 11th century Muslim invasions in the northern parts of the country, it first arrived Kerala via the Arab merchants from 7th century onwards at the earliest. Similarly, Judaism the oldest continuously practiced monotheistic religion has an Indian presence from very early times. If traditional accounts are to be accepted,India had a Jewish colony from the time of King Solomon (10th century BC)! Most importantly, all the three religions trace their arrival in India to the Malabar region of Southern India which is currently the modern State of Kerala. Since ancient times Kerala has been the center of the Indian spice trade where Greeks, Romans, Jews, Arabs and Chinese came for grabbing their part of share. To be specific, the first Jewish, Christian and Islamic settlements of India claim their origin to a place called Cranganore (modern Kodungallur) in Kerala.

Much has been written on Indian Jews, their unique culture and traditions. Among the three major Jewish communities in India, the “Kerala Jews” popularly known as“Cochin Jews” are the most ancient followed by the “Bene Israel” of Maharashtra and the “Baghdadi Jews” of West Bengal. Recently two more communities have claimed Jewish ancestry viz. “Bene Menasheh” (1970s) from North East India and “Bene Ephraim or Telugu Jews” (1980s) from Andhra Pradesh. A small population of Jews had migrated to India during the Mughal, Portuguese, Dutch, French and British rule as well. Perhaps the Jewish refugees from Hitler’s Anti-Semitic Europe were the last Jews to arrive India. In other words, Jews weren’t a single emigration to India. At different times they arrived and settled peacefully in India where they never experienced any anti-Semitism from the native Indian community. Although Jews supposedly reached Kerala as early as 1st century AD, there were many different waves of emigrations later as well. Gradually, Jews of Kerala became organized into three distinct groups, but the different communities interacted very less among themselves. 1) Malabari Jews: the largest and most ancient group considered to have arrived in India as merchants during the period of King Solomon (1000 BC). 2). ‘Paradesi’ (foreigner) Jews: the second largest and recent group (from 16th century onwards) who migrated mainly from Egypt, Iraq, Syria, Iran, Spain and Germany. 3). ‘Meshuhararim’ (released): the smallest group believed to be the slaves held by both Malabari and Paradesi communities who were converted to Judaism and later on released from their status as slaves. The Malabari Jews were called the ‘Black Jews’, the Meshuhararim-the ‘Brown Jews’ and the ‘Paradesi’-the ‘White Jews’-terms considered derogatory and racist today. The arguments on who came first and who are more pure were often fought vehemently and each sect defended their claims. The Jewish population of Kerala numbered 2,400 at the height of their “mass” emigration to Israel in 1954. Today (2011), less than 40 Jews remain in Kerala-9 Paradesi Jews comprising of 6 women and 3 men; and less than 30 Malabari Jews.

In a strong caste-based Indian society, fair skinned Paradesi Jews managed to win a privileged position although they were a minority and newly arrived. Their European background, influence and wealth managed to push the majority of relatively poor Malabar Jews into an inferior position in colonial India. Unfortunately, even today for many in the west and to a great extent in India too, the existence of Kerala’s ancient Malabari Jewish community and their heritage is far unknown. The famous Paradesi Synagogue in Cochin is perhaps the only monument that comes into the mind of many as far as Judaism in Kerala is concerned. Often mistakenly acclaimed to be the oldest (built 1568) synagogue in British Commonwealth, the Paradesi Synagogue however, is the only functional one in Kerala today (2011). Did the Jewish community of Kerala leave anything more than this famed synagogue? The answer is a big yes. Judaism in Kerala is not only about the Paradesi Jews of Cochin and their synagogue in Mattanchery. In fact, the Malabari Jews have seven synagogues and six cemeteries, and several aretfacts and monuments that are also part of Kerala’s rich Jewish heritage! This does not include the few existing Jewish homes and the many earlier Jewish residences converted into non-Jewish owned business buildings and private villas.

This blog will be an attempt to help people both inside and outside India to locate and learn about the known Jewish monuments of Kerala, that include synagogues, cemeteries and former Jewish residences. It will be equally pictorial and textual in format. One of the objectives of this blog is to help people in identifying all known Jewish monuments of Kerala through maps and photographs. Their left out synagogues and cemeteries are the physical landmarks that still stand in testimony to the vibrant and glorious heritage of Jews who claim at least 2000 years of strong and continuous bond with India. The big question is about the accessibility and identification of these monuments. Some of the cemeteries for example are so overgrown with weeds and turned into garbage dumping yards that even the locals have no clue about their existence. Most of the sites have no sign boards or maps available to pin point their exact location. The information from internet and other sources are also limited or at times misinformed when locating the monuments are concerned. I will try to get as many photographs as needed to help people understand these monuments and the blog will not be confined to the heritage of Paradesi Jews alone. For those synagogues that are disputed properties or lie in ruined state and are not accessible for the public I will only add photographs of the exterior. Some of the original Jewish artifacts from Kerala are preserved in Israel and what left here are the duplicates. In such cases, I will trace and append online links having the original photographs. Regarding the dates associated with the history of ‘Kerala Jews’, I have tried to incorporate the most popular views and need not always be the scholarly accepted ones. I shall be much glad if any one can contribute or provide details of additional monuments, sites or artifacts you think can be classified as part of Jewish heritage of Kerala.

Being also a photoblog, I will be concentrating more on the photographs taken from various Jewish monuments in Kerala. Not many sites are available online that go deep into the structural and historic details of these heritage units with photographs. However, we are lucky to have a few very enlightening resources. The“Friends of Kerala Synagogues 2011”(Prof. Jay A. Waronker, USA; Prof. Shalva Weil, Israel; Marian Scheuer Sofaer, USA; Isaac Sam, India and Tirza Muttath Lavi, Israel) maintain an excellent site on the synagogues of Kerala. I strongly recommend anyone interested in ‘Jewish synagogues of Kerala’ to go through their highly informative links. Whenever, I refer to their site, it will be acknowledged as ‘www.cochinsyn.com’. The other very important site I recommend is the beautiful photo collection by Jono David in his ‘Ha Chayim Ha Yehudim Jewish Photo Library’. He has photographs from many Jewish monuments of India. Although he has got wrong one of the synagogues (Mattancherry Kadavumbagam Synagogue) the site has largely helped me to identify the Jewish cemeteries in Kerala.

JEWISH MONUMENTS & ARTIFACTS OF KERALA

The most important Jewish heritage structures in Kerala are the synagogues (Juda Palli in Malayalam), cemeteries and residences.

A. Synagogues

Today, there are 35 synagogues in India and 7 of them are in Kerala. The architectural style of Kerala synagogues differs from those in the west. These synagogues are strongly influenced from earlier Hindu religious buildings on its design and construction. They are characterized by high slope roofs, thick laterite-stoned walls, large windows and doors, balcony and wood-carved ceilings. A Kerala synagogue consists of a ‘Gate House’ at the entrance that leads through a Breezeway to the Synagogue Complex. The synagogue complex is made of a fully enclosed Azara or Anteroom and a double-storeyed sanctuary-the main prayer hall. Inside a typical double-storeyed sanctuary of a ‘Kerala Synagogue’ are:

1) A Tebah/Bimah: Located at the center of the sanctuary, Tebah is usually an elevated wooden platform or pulpit from which Torah, the holy book of Jews is read. 2) A Heichal (Ark): Represents the altar. It is a chest or cupboard in the synagogue where the Torah scrolls are kept. It is usually carved intricately and painted/gilded with teak wood. Unlike in the European Synagogues, where the ark is placed on the eastern wall, the synagogues in Kerala have the arks on the western wall facing Jerusalem. 3) A Balcony/Second Tebah: It is unique to the synagogues of Kerala. The balcony has two portions one for men and the other for ladies. Women’s seating area is placed directly above the azara. 4) A Staircase: Leads to the balcony and is generally spiral in shape and made of wood. At times there are two staircases, one for men from the main hall inside the synagogue and the other for the ladies from a staircase room outside the synagogue; 5) A Jewish School: Is actually a classroom for Jewish children usually located behind the women’s section on the first floor.

B. Cemeteries

Resting place of ancestors means a lot to the Jewish community. Sometimes they even carried tombstones from their old settlements while migrating to a newer place. The oldest Jewish tomb in India (dated 1269 AD) preserved in front of Chendamangalam synagogue is one such transferred from Kodungallur. Unlike Christian tombs in Kerala with Malayalam and English engravings, the Jewish graves have mostly Hebrew inscriptions. The Jewish year can be converted into modern Gregorian date if one can read the Hebrew letters. ‘Reading Hebrew Tombstones’ is an interesting site to read the Jewish tombs.

C. Jewish Residences

Today, most of the early Jewish homes sold to non-Jews are substantially modified or refurbished. However, there are a few features that still make them identifiable. Sometimes you can trace Jewish symbols like Menorah (candlestick) and Magen David (Star of David) on the walls, windows and roof tops. For example, a few residences in Mattancherry still maintain the Star of David (Magen David) despite being converted into shops or warehouses. The best way to locate the home of a residing Jew is to look for the Mezuzah on the door post. Nailed to the doorpost of a Jewish home, Mezuzah is a small container made of wood, plastic or metal having a piece of parchment with the most important words from the Jewish Holy Book, Torah. It is customary among religious Jews to touch the mezuzah on entering or leaving the home. A few homes in the Synagogue Lane of Mattancherry with mezuzah are the residences of the remaining 9 Paradesi Jews.

The Jewish monuments and artifacts I will be discussing in this blog are:

I Synagogues

1. Pardesi Synagogue, Mattancherry (1568)

2. Kadavumbagam Synagogue, Mattancherry (1130 or 1539)

3. Thekkumbagam Synagogue, Mattancherry (1647, only the building site known)

4. Kadavumbagam Synagogue, Ernakulam (1200)

5. Thekkumbagam Synagogue, Ernakulam (1200 or 1580))

6. Paravur Synagogue (750 or 1164 or 1616)

7. Mala Synagogue (1400 or 1597)

8. Chendamangalam Synagogue (1420 or 1614)

(The various speculated dates of establishment in parenthesis are taken from www.cochinsyn.com, coutesy Prof. Jay A. Waronker)

II Cemeteries

1. Pardesi Jewish Cemetery, Mattancherry

2. Malabari Jewish Cemetery, Mattancherry

3. Old Jewish Cemetery, Ernakulam

4. New Jewish Cemetery, Ernakulam

5. Paravur Jewish Cemetery

6. Mala Jewish Cemetery

7. Chendamangalam Jewish Cemetery

III Jew Streets

1. Jew Street Mattancherry (Jewish residences with Mezuzah and Magen David)

2. Jew Steet, Ernakulam (today all shops in non-Jewish hands)

3. Jew Street, Paravur (Twin Pillars)

4. Jew Street, Mala (Gate House and Breezeway of synagogue turned into shops)

5. Jew Street, Chendamangalam (used to be a Jewish Market or Judakambolam)

6. Jew Street, Calicut (identified in July 2011 as Jootha (Jew) Bazar)

IV Other Monuments & Artifacts

1. Tomb of Sarah (1269 AD), Chendamangalam

2. Kochangadi Synagogue Corner-stone, Mattancherry

3. Jewish Children’s Play Ground, Mattancherry

4. Clock-Tower, Mattancherry

5. Sarah Cohen’s Embroidery Shop, Mattancherry

6. Jew Hill/Judakunnu/Jewish Bazar, Palayur

7. Jew Tank/Judakkulam, Madayi

8. Koder House, Fort Kochi

9. Grand Residencia, Fort Kochi

10. Jewish Summer Resorts, Aluva

11. Jewish Copper Plates, Mattancherry

12. Syrian Copper Plates, Kollam

13. Torah Finial, Palayur

V Lost Jewish Colonies

1. Kodungallur (Thrissur)

2. Palayur (Thrissur)

3. Pullut (Thrissur)

4. Kunnamkulam (Thrissur)

5. Saudhi (Ernakulam)

6. Tir-tur (Ernakulam)

7. Fort Kochi (Ernakulam)

8. Chaliyam (Kozhikode)

5. Pantalayani Kollam (Kozhikode)

9. Thekkepuram (Kozhikkode)

10. Muttam (Alappuzha)

11. Kayamkulam (Alappuzha)

12. Dharmadom (Kannur)

13. Madayi (Kannur)

14. Quilon (Kollam)

15. Pathirikunnu, Krishnagiri (Waynad)

16. Anchuthengu (Thiruvananthapuram)