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Friday, 29 September 2023

The Tragic Fate of Maria Evans and Her Daughter-Deciphering the Complete Epitaph of the Tallest Funerary Monument in the Dutch Cemetery of Fort Cochin.

Photograph: 28 September, 2023 (before wetting the tombstone)

If you remember my blog post from a few months ago (see here), where I discussed how the tallest funerary monument in the Dutch Cemetery of Fort Cochin was identified, you might have noticed that only the first 4 lines of inscription was deciphered as the remaining sections were barely visible. More recently, I had the opportunity to access the cemetery once again. This time, using the rainy weather to my advantage, I gently rubbed the tombstone surfaces with wet leaves, just to see if the rest of the inscriptions could be read. It was my day and the outcome didn't disappoint. For the first time the whole epitaph became visible and it is now evident that the inscription consists of 14 lines. Nevertheless, I have to admit that it took me some effort to fully decipher the lines after going back and studying the photographs taken. 

Photograph: 28 September, 2023 (after wetting the tombstone)

The inscriptions refer to the tragic death of young Maria and her infant daughter. It turns out, Maria died at the young age of 23 years after giving birth to her daughter named Louisa. Sadly, the daughter died 5 days after her mother and was apparently buried in the same tomb at Cochin. We also learn from the inscription that the couple had other young children. The headstone gives the fateful year of their death as 1833. However, the inventory of Roberts and Chekkuty (2017, p. 139) has the year 1822. The exact date of deaths of the mother (13 July, 1833) and the daughter (18 July, 1833) can also be verified from the Madras Almanac (1834) and the Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register (1834). These records identity Charles Evans as a Captain of the 51st Regiment of the Native Infantry (NI). In these obituaries, both the mother and the daughter are mentioned, but only Maria is named. The daughter however does not appear in the inventories of Cotton (1905) and Roberts and Chekkutty (2017). We get her name only from the tombstone. This is the advantage of reading epitaphs directly from the site, provided they are available for examination.

To  best of my knowledge, this epitaph has not been published anywhere before. I am therefore giving the full 14-lined inscription on the gravestone below:

1) SACRED

2) To the Memory of MARIA

3) The beloved WIFE of CAPTA

4) CHAS EVANS Reg NI who depar

5) ted this life at Cochin on the 13th day of July 1833

6) aged 23 years leaving a disconsolate husband and

7) infant children to bear their irreparable loss

8) Blessed are those who die in the Lord for

9) they shall see the Kingdom of Heaven

10) Sacred to the Memory of Louisa

11) Infant Daughter who

12) died at Cochin on the

13) 18th of July 1833

14) aged 5 days

Posted by CONTACT ME (Dr. Laju Paul K.) at 20:37 0 comments

Tuesday, 19 September 2023

JOOTHANADAPPU (ജൂതനടപ്പ്), VALLARPADAM: A Less-Known Site with a Jewish Connection?

Joothanadappu

Except for the synagogues and cemeteries, there are only a few extant sites in Kerala with the word 'Jew' attached to their names. The 'Jew Street' in Mattancherry, Ernakulam town and North Paravur; the 'Jew Town' in Mattancherry; the 'Jew Hill' (Joothakunnu) in Palayur and the 'Jew Pond' (Joothakulam) in Madayi belong to this category. The 'Jew Street' of Mala; the 'Jew Bazar Road' (Joothakambolam Road) of Chennamangalam; and the 'Jew Pond' (Joothakulam) of Kodungallur were once sites that had Jewish connotations, but none of the names have survived today.

Therefore, when it was brought to my attention about a place called 'Joothanadappu' or 'Jootha-nadappu' (ജൂതനടപ്പ്), I was very curious to find out it's whereabouts. The site however, is so obscure that it does not even appear in the Google Maps! For starters, Joothanadappu is located in the Vallarpadam Ward (No. 13) of the Mulavukad Grama Panchayath of Ernakulam District, not far from the famous "National Shrine Basilica of Our Lady of Ransom" or Vallarpadam Basilica. It is a narrow strip of land or essentially a section of a street that runs on the eastern border of the Vallarpadam Island surrounded by mangrove stretches (Kandal Kadu) and Kochi’s backwaters.

 
The word 'Joothanadappu' is rather difficult to translate as 'nadappu' (നടപ്പ്) can be interpreted differently depending on the context how it is used. Usually, 'nadappu' in Malayalam means 'walk, walking' etc., and Joothanadappu should be read literally as 'Jew Walk'. However, 'nadappu' when combined with other words give a different shade or meaning such as nattunadappu (നാട്ടുനടപ്പ്, country practice), nadappuvarsham (നടപ്പുവർഷ൦, current year), nadappuvasham (നടപ്പുവശ൦, reality), nadappavakasham (നടപ്പവകാശ൦, right of execution), durnadappu (ദുർനടപ്പ്, misbehaviour) etc.

I paid a visit to the site to learn its Jewish connection if there is any. As always, the best way to know about a place is by interacting with the locals, and the people I met all agreed that the name has to do with the Jewish community. Most believe that this is because Jews were buried there or a Jewish settlement existed there. Nevertheless, these claims are mostly local traditions or simple assumptions, without any evidential support. There is, however, an interesting suggestion regarding the origin of the word Joothanadappu, also offered by a local resident, which to me is the best interpretation available so far. According to this version, Joothanadappu was originally known as 'Joothante adappu' (ജൂതൻ്റെ അടപ്പ്) or 'Jootha-adappu' (ജൂത അടപ്പ്), where 'adappu' (അടപ്പ്) refers to a shrimp farm. The backwater areas of Vypin Island including the Mulavukad region are replete with shrimp or prawn farming. The shrimp farms integrated with paddy cultivation known as Pokkali system is still practised to this day. Since shrimp farms are locally known as Chemmeen Adappu/ചെമ്മീൻ അടപ്പ് (also known as Chemmeen Kettu or Chemmeen Vattu), the ones owned by the Jews were called 'Joothante adappu', which became 'Jootha adappu' and eventually 'Jootha nadappu' or 'Joothanadappu' as it is known today. The word 'adappu' in Malayalam literally refers to a 'lid' used to close or cover a container, and in this context it is a 'closed area' made for prawn filtration with the help of bunds and wooden sluices. He also shared an interesting anecdote told of the Jewish women at Mattancherry: when they say 'Joothan adappil poyi'’, it means their husbands went to the adappu or shrimp farm.

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Posted by CONTACT ME (Dr. Laju Paul K.) at 08:35 0 comments
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INTRODUCTION

The monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam arrived India much before they reached the West. For instance, it is widely believed that Christianity reached the subcontinent only after Portuguese, the first European colonists arrived India in the 15th century. However, long before Christianity reached many parts of Europe, it came to India. According to strong, continuous and unanimous traditions among the ancient Syrian Christians of Kerala, Christianity was introduced to India by St: Thomas, the Apostle of Jesus Christ in 52 AD, who established seven churches in Kerala. Contrary to popular belief that Islam came to India through the 11th century Muslim invasions in the northern parts of the country, it first arrived Kerala via the Arab merchants from 7th century onwards at the earliest. Similarly, Judaism the oldest continuously practiced monotheistic religion has an Indian presence from very early times. If traditional accounts are to be accepted,India had a Jewish colony from the time of King Solomon (10th century BC)! Most importantly, all the three religions trace their arrival in India to the Malabar region of Southern India which is currently the modern State of Kerala. Since ancient times Kerala has been the center of the Indian spice trade where Greeks, Romans, Jews, Arabs and Chinese came for grabbing their part of share. To be specific, the first Jewish, Christian and Islamic settlements of India claim their origin to a place called Cranganore (modern Kodungallur) in Kerala.

Much has been written on Indian Jews, their unique culture and traditions. Among the three major Jewish communities in India, the “Kerala Jews” popularly known as“Cochin Jews” are the most ancient followed by the “Bene Israel” of Maharashtra and the “Baghdadi Jews” of West Bengal. Recently two more communities have claimed Jewish ancestry viz. “Bene Menasheh” (1970s) from North East India and “Bene Ephraim or Telugu Jews” (1980s) from Andhra Pradesh. A small population of Jews had migrated to India during the Mughal, Portuguese, Dutch, French and British rule as well. Perhaps the Jewish refugees from Hitler’s Anti-Semitic Europe were the last Jews to arrive India. In other words, Jews weren’t a single emigration to India. At different times they arrived and settled peacefully in India where they never experienced any anti-Semitism from the native Indian community. Although Jews supposedly reached Kerala as early as 1st century AD, there were many different waves of emigrations later as well. Gradually, Jews of Kerala became organized into three distinct groups, but the different communities interacted very less among themselves. 1) Malabari Jews: the largest and most ancient group considered to have arrived in India as merchants during the period of King Solomon (1000 BC). 2). ‘Paradesi’ (foreigner) Jews: the second largest and recent group (from 16th century onwards) who migrated mainly from Egypt, Iraq, Syria, Iran, Spain and Germany. 3). ‘Meshuhararim’ (released): the smallest group believed to be the slaves held by both Malabari and Paradesi communities who were converted to Judaism and later on released from their status as slaves. The Malabari Jews were called the ‘Black Jews’, the Meshuhararim-the ‘Brown Jews’ and the ‘Paradesi’-the ‘White Jews’-terms considered derogatory and racist today. The arguments on who came first and who are more pure were often fought vehemently and each sect defended their claims. The Jewish population of Kerala numbered 2,400 at the height of their “mass” emigration to Israel in 1954. Today (2011), less than 40 Jews remain in Kerala-9 Paradesi Jews comprising of 6 women and 3 men; and less than 30 Malabari Jews.

In a strong caste-based Indian society, fair skinned Paradesi Jews managed to win a privileged position although they were a minority and newly arrived. Their European background, influence and wealth managed to push the majority of relatively poor Malabar Jews into an inferior position in colonial India. Unfortunately, even today for many in the west and to a great extent in India too, the existence of Kerala’s ancient Malabari Jewish community and their heritage is far unknown. The famous Paradesi Synagogue in Cochin is perhaps the only monument that comes into the mind of many as far as Judaism in Kerala is concerned. Often mistakenly acclaimed to be the oldest (built 1568) synagogue in British Commonwealth, the Paradesi Synagogue however, is the only functional one in Kerala today (2011). Did the Jewish community of Kerala leave anything more than this famed synagogue? The answer is a big yes. Judaism in Kerala is not only about the Paradesi Jews of Cochin and their synagogue in Mattanchery. In fact, the Malabari Jews have seven synagogues and six cemeteries, and several aretfacts and monuments that are also part of Kerala’s rich Jewish heritage! This does not include the few existing Jewish homes and the many earlier Jewish residences converted into non-Jewish owned business buildings and private villas.

This blog will be an attempt to help people both inside and outside India to locate and learn about the known Jewish monuments of Kerala, that include synagogues, cemeteries and former Jewish residences. It will be equally pictorial and textual in format. One of the objectives of this blog is to help people in identifying all known Jewish monuments of Kerala through maps and photographs. Their left out synagogues and cemeteries are the physical landmarks that still stand in testimony to the vibrant and glorious heritage of Jews who claim at least 2000 years of strong and continuous bond with India. The big question is about the accessibility and identification of these monuments. Some of the cemeteries for example are so overgrown with weeds and turned into garbage dumping yards that even the locals have no clue about their existence. Most of the sites have no sign boards or maps available to pin point their exact location. The information from internet and other sources are also limited or at times misinformed when locating the monuments are concerned. I will try to get as many photographs as needed to help people understand these monuments and the blog will not be confined to the heritage of Paradesi Jews alone. For those synagogues that are disputed properties or lie in ruined state and are not accessible for the public I will only add photographs of the exterior. Some of the original Jewish artifacts from Kerala are preserved in Israel and what left here are the duplicates. In such cases, I will trace and append online links having the original photographs. Regarding the dates associated with the history of ‘Kerala Jews’, I have tried to incorporate the most popular views and need not always be the scholarly accepted ones. I shall be much glad if any one can contribute or provide details of additional monuments, sites or artifacts you think can be classified as part of Jewish heritage of Kerala.

Being also a photoblog, I will be concentrating more on the photographs taken from various Jewish monuments in Kerala. Not many sites are available online that go deep into the structural and historic details of these heritage units with photographs. However, we are lucky to have a few very enlightening resources. The“Friends of Kerala Synagogues 2011”(Prof. Jay A. Waronker, USA; Prof. Shalva Weil, Israel; Marian Scheuer Sofaer, USA; Isaac Sam, India and Tirza Muttath Lavi, Israel) maintain an excellent site on the synagogues of Kerala. I strongly recommend anyone interested in ‘Jewish synagogues of Kerala’ to go through their highly informative links. Whenever, I refer to their site, it will be acknowledged as ‘www.cochinsyn.com’. The other very important site I recommend is the beautiful photo collection by Jono David in his ‘Ha Chayim Ha Yehudim Jewish Photo Library’. He has photographs from many Jewish monuments of India. Although he has got wrong one of the synagogues (Mattancherry Kadavumbagam Synagogue) the site has largely helped me to identify the Jewish cemeteries in Kerala.

JEWISH MONUMENTS & ARTIFACTS OF KERALA

The most important Jewish heritage structures in Kerala are the synagogues (Juda Palli in Malayalam), cemeteries and residences.

A. Synagogues

Today, there are 35 synagogues in India and 7 of them are in Kerala. The architectural style of Kerala synagogues differs from those in the west. These synagogues are strongly influenced from earlier Hindu religious buildings on its design and construction. They are characterized by high slope roofs, thick laterite-stoned walls, large windows and doors, balcony and wood-carved ceilings. A Kerala synagogue consists of a ‘Gate House’ at the entrance that leads through a Breezeway to the Synagogue Complex. The synagogue complex is made of a fully enclosed Azara or Anteroom and a double-storeyed sanctuary-the main prayer hall. Inside a typical double-storeyed sanctuary of a ‘Kerala Synagogue’ are:

1) A Tebah/Bimah: Located at the center of the sanctuary, Tebah is usually an elevated wooden platform or pulpit from which Torah, the holy book of Jews is read. 2) A Heichal (Ark): Represents the altar. It is a chest or cupboard in the synagogue where the Torah scrolls are kept. It is usually carved intricately and painted/gilded with teak wood. Unlike in the European Synagogues, where the ark is placed on the eastern wall, the synagogues in Kerala have the arks on the western wall facing Jerusalem. 3) A Balcony/Second Tebah: It is unique to the synagogues of Kerala. The balcony has two portions one for men and the other for ladies. Women’s seating area is placed directly above the azara. 4) A Staircase: Leads to the balcony and is generally spiral in shape and made of wood. At times there are two staircases, one for men from the main hall inside the synagogue and the other for the ladies from a staircase room outside the synagogue; 5) A Jewish School: Is actually a classroom for Jewish children usually located behind the women’s section on the first floor.

B. Cemeteries

Resting place of ancestors means a lot to the Jewish community. Sometimes they even carried tombstones from their old settlements while migrating to a newer place. The oldest Jewish tomb in India (dated 1269 AD) preserved in front of Chendamangalam synagogue is one such transferred from Kodungallur. Unlike Christian tombs in Kerala with Malayalam and English engravings, the Jewish graves have mostly Hebrew inscriptions. The Jewish year can be converted into modern Gregorian date if one can read the Hebrew letters. ‘Reading Hebrew Tombstones’ is an interesting site to read the Jewish tombs.

C. Jewish Residences

Today, most of the early Jewish homes sold to non-Jews are substantially modified or refurbished. However, there are a few features that still make them identifiable. Sometimes you can trace Jewish symbols like Menorah (candlestick) and Magen David (Star of David) on the walls, windows and roof tops. For example, a few residences in Mattancherry still maintain the Star of David (Magen David) despite being converted into shops or warehouses. The best way to locate the home of a residing Jew is to look for the Mezuzah on the door post. Nailed to the doorpost of a Jewish home, Mezuzah is a small container made of wood, plastic or metal having a piece of parchment with the most important words from the Jewish Holy Book, Torah. It is customary among religious Jews to touch the mezuzah on entering or leaving the home. A few homes in the Synagogue Lane of Mattancherry with mezuzah are the residences of the remaining 9 Paradesi Jews.

The Jewish monuments and artifacts I will be discussing in this blog are:

I Synagogues

1. Pardesi Synagogue, Mattancherry (1568)

2. Kadavumbagam Synagogue, Mattancherry (1130 or 1539)

3. Thekkumbagam Synagogue, Mattancherry (1647, only the building site known)

4. Kadavumbagam Synagogue, Ernakulam (1200)

5. Thekkumbagam Synagogue, Ernakulam (1200 or 1580))

6. Paravur Synagogue (750 or 1164 or 1616)

7. Mala Synagogue (1400 or 1597)

8. Chendamangalam Synagogue (1420 or 1614)

(The various speculated dates of establishment in parenthesis are taken from www.cochinsyn.com, coutesy Prof. Jay A. Waronker)

II Cemeteries

1. Pardesi Jewish Cemetery, Mattancherry

2. Malabari Jewish Cemetery, Mattancherry

3. Old Jewish Cemetery, Ernakulam

4. New Jewish Cemetery, Ernakulam

5. Paravur Jewish Cemetery

6. Mala Jewish Cemetery

7. Chendamangalam Jewish Cemetery

III Jew Streets

1. Jew Street Mattancherry (Jewish residences with Mezuzah and Magen David)

2. Jew Steet, Ernakulam (today all shops in non-Jewish hands)

3. Jew Street, Paravur (Twin Pillars)

4. Jew Street, Mala (Gate House and Breezeway of synagogue turned into shops)

5. Jew Street, Chendamangalam (used to be a Jewish Market or Judakambolam)

6. Jew Street, Calicut (identified in July 2011 as Jootha (Jew) Bazar)

IV Other Monuments & Artifacts

1. Tomb of Sarah (1269 AD), Chendamangalam

2. Kochangadi Synagogue Corner-stone, Mattancherry

3. Jewish Children’s Play Ground, Mattancherry

4. Clock-Tower, Mattancherry

5. Sarah Cohen’s Embroidery Shop, Mattancherry

6. Jew Hill/Judakunnu/Jewish Bazar, Palayur

7. Jew Tank/Judakkulam, Madayi

8. Koder House, Fort Kochi

9. Grand Residencia, Fort Kochi

10. Jewish Summer Resorts, Aluva

11. Jewish Copper Plates, Mattancherry

12. Syrian Copper Plates, Kollam

13. Torah Finial, Palayur

V Lost Jewish Colonies

1. Kodungallur (Thrissur)

2. Palayur (Thrissur)

3. Pullut (Thrissur)

4. Kunnamkulam (Thrissur)

5. Saudhi (Ernakulam)

6. Tir-tur (Ernakulam)

7. Fort Kochi (Ernakulam)

8. Chaliyam (Kozhikode)

5. Pantalayani Kollam (Kozhikode)

9. Thekkepuram (Kozhikkode)

10. Muttam (Alappuzha)

11. Kayamkulam (Alappuzha)

12. Dharmadom (Kannur)

13. Madayi (Kannur)

14. Quilon (Kollam)

15. Pathirikunnu, Krishnagiri (Waynad)

16. Anchuthengu (Thiruvananthapuram)