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Tuesday, 4 July 2023

A DETAILED SURVEY OF THE EUROPEAN FUNERARY MONUMENTS IN ST. FRANCIS C. S. I. CEMETERY, VELI, FORT KOCHI.


 

Unlike the Dutch cemetery, which most tourists tend to visit, there is another important burial ground in the outskirts of Fort Cochin, which no one pays much attention to. The Veli C. S. I. graveyard is less than 2 km from the Dutch cemetery. Those who have traveled to Fort Cochin from Ernakulam via road using the public transport system, would have noticed this cemetery on the way, but it will appear just like any other Christian graveyards of Kerala. However, very few would realize that the plot was once used as a British cemetery. What is more interesting is that several 19th century European grave monuments still remain preserved on its grounds. In a previous post (see here), I gave an introduction to this cemetery, but at that time I couldn't access the site, and therefore was not in a position to comment on the sepulchers.

An inventory for the Veli cemetery was prepared in the early 20th century by an anonymous individual or organization, made available to us by Roberts and Chekkutty in 2017. The title given is 'Old Protestant Cemetery-1790-1913' and according to them, the first documented burial in the cemetery was in 1790, and it became known as 'The New Church Burial Ground' after 1855. Unfortunately, the authors fail to give the original source on which the inventory is based on, instead they cite a survey of unmarked burials with plot locations derived from old church registers compiled by T W Venn. Strangely, none of Venn's works give such a report or specific survey on Veli cemetery. James Julian Cotton, who has meticulously recorded the burials in Fort Cochin and surroundings-at St Francis Church, Dutch Cemetery and the Streets of Cochin, also did not survey this ground. Same is the case with other well-known studies on the graveyards in Malabar.

The inventory is not perfect as it contains many factual errors, and some of the burials mentioned did not even happen there. The earliest burial noted, Jacob Wendelin Van der Sloot (d. 1739) is a typographical error. The inventory gives the burial details of 4 Van der Sloots and it must be noted that none of them have a gravestone as per the list.

1) Van der Sloot, Clement, died 3 November 1873.
2) Van der Sloot, Hester Amelia, died 17 February 1857, age 71.
3) Van der Sloot, Jacob Wendelen, died 1739, age 60.
4) Van der Sloot, John, died 27 November 1853, age 76.

The Doopboek/Baptismal Register (1751-1804) of St Francis church and the works of T W Venn (1947 and 1950), provide the baptismal records and the burial dates of these individuals, who we also learn are closely related. Thus, 2, 3 and 4 are siblings and 1 is the son of 2. As you can see, in the inventory, the date of death for all the Van der Sloots are given from mid to late 19th century, except for Jacob Wendelin. The Doopboek has Wendelin baptised on 1781, so his death at the age 60 years or precisely 60.5 years according to Venn, (1947, p. 65), should be somewhere around 1840, so the most probable date here is 1839 instead of 1739. This brings us to the second oldest burial recorded in the inventory, named after one David Scale, 1788, age 68. Venn (1947, p. 65) is helpful again in this regard, as he quotes David Scale died at the age of 68 some time between 1829-1842, based on  the Anglican Records (Registers) of St Francis Church which he had access. He gives the name of 12 men who passed away during this period (1829-1842), listed in the ascending chronological order ending with Pieter Winkler (died, 1841). Interestingly, David Scale is 3rd in the list, and Jacob Wendelin Van der Sloot is named 8th, so the former died most probably in the early 1830s. All the remaining burials in the list are from the 19th century onwards, and the earliest without a gravestone is Helena Elstendorp, wife of Pieter Elstendorp, died 4 October 1804; and with a gravestone is for A. Blane, died 6 December 1821-unfortunately both are untraceable today. Despite its shortcomings, the inventory it is still the only resource available to study the funerary monuments in the Veli cemetery.


Recently, on my way to Fort Cochin, I was surprised to find the gate of Veli cemetery opened, which is usually a rare event. I was very lucky to find Rev. Kurian Peter, the Vicar of C. S. I. St Francis Church, Fort Cochin on the site. Needless to say, without his encouragement and kind permission, I could not have accessed this historic venue. I had the freedom to explore the cemetery on my own for about an hour. The burial ground is more well-kept compared to the Dutch cemetery. Nevertheless, not all epitaphs are presentable, I had to put some extra effort to clean the thick layers of mud and leaf litter on a number of graves to read the inscriptions. Anyway, I could manage to conduct a proper survey of the graves without much difficulty. It must be noted that almost all the European tombs here are British, and there are no Portuguese or Dutch grave markers.

According to the Veli inventory, a total of 103 burials occurred in the cemetery, out of which only 66 are recorded having gravestones. I could confirm from other sources and by personal verification that 9 of the burials (7 with- and 2 without- gravestones) happened in the Dutch and not Veli cemetery, and they are:

1. Mary Evans (d. 1822)
2. James Charles Sayer (d. 1822)
3. James Tate (d. 1827)-without gravestone
4. Alexander Allardice (d. 1839)
5. Pieter Winckler (d. 1841)-without gravestone
6. Eliza Jane Allardice (d. 1844)
7. Sarah Georginia Lascelles (d. 1845)
8. Major William Hamilton (d. 1822, the date is 1882 in the headstone)
9. Joseph Ethelbert Winckler (d. 1913).

 

The tomb of Weetman, Thomas Harrison (d. 1897) is reported as a burial without gravestone in the inventory, but I have found the epitaph in the cemetery. Thus, there should be not more than 58 gravestones (66-9+1) in the Veli cemetery. Out of these 58 graves with an epitaph, I could trace 35 of them in the cemetery. This is significant considering the rate at which the heritage monuments are disappearing from graveyards in India with time. One reason why more graves survived could be because the cemetery remained functional also after the British period. I am informed that it’s an ecumenical cemetery today, used by different local Christian communities with an exception to the Catholics who have a different cemetery by the next wall. Two more burials from the late 19th century, but not listed in the inventory, that of, Mathew John Williamson, d. 1885 and George Fernandez, d. 1895 are also traced. In addition, I have confirmed that the cemetery has 29 more European funerary monuments from the early to mid-20th century, but none of them appear in the Veli inventory. Furthermore, there are around 21 old graves that cannot be identified due to the lack of epitaphs or obliterated inscriptions. Among them, some are quite impressive compared to the ordinary graves in the cemetery, but it is sad that we will not be able to know their identity. Altogether, there are at least 87 (i.e. 35+2+29+21) European graves, mostly British in the Veli cemetery.


According to Venn (1947, p. 22), Daniel Le Moine, is one of the first to be buried in the Veli cemetery, which we know occurred in 1855. Luckily, this grave still survives with the full epitaph intact, and it is the oldest identifiable tomb in the cemetery followed by Joseph Ballard (d. 1856), Fanny (Frances) Agnes Bittler (d. 1858, 11 days old, she is the youngest to be buried in the cemetery), Annie Playfair Drury (d. 02/1859) and Capt. John Joseph Freywer (d. 1859). The inventory also lists several family names such as the Bruntons (2 nos); D'Albedhylls (6 nos); Lunels (7 nos); Sparrows (3 nos); Verduijns (2 nos); Vernedes (5 nos) etc. However, only 2 Bruntons, 3 Sparrows, 2 Vernedes and 1 Verduijn are recorded with a gravestone in the list. Two other important names from the inventory are that of Henry Bidewell Grigg (d. 1895) of Madras Civil Service and Rev. Alfred Forbes Sealy (d. 1894), Principal of Maharajas College of Ernakulam. Both graves have survived and still can be traced in the cemetery-the names also appear in the St Francis church as memorial plaques. A non-British burial identified is that of Wilhelm Klein (d. 1889), who is a Basel born Swiss agent for Volkarts and Brothers. Another interesting grave identified is that of Hall Melville Walker (d. 1886), who was the Editor of Western Star for 20 years, the first English News Paper from Cochin.

There are also familiar names that can be traced in the cemetery which have not appeared in the inventory, such as: Duncan Mearns Cruickshank (d. 1908, former Principal of Maharajas College of Ernakulam); Samuel Archibald Locke (d. 1912, Barrister and Judge of the Chief Court of British Cochin for 30 years); Hal Harrison Jones (d. 1923, Managing Director of Aspinwall & Co Ltd.). The latter 2 are commemorated in the St Francis church as well. 
 
Some more notable burials discovered under the same category are:
1) Two members from the Sparrow family, C. B. Sparrow and Ralph Sparrow, both died on 1906;
2) A very Jewish sounding name, Esther Rebecca Levi Kregel, d. 1908, age 80;
3) A German epitaph after C. A. Schier, d. 1935;
4) A Tennessee born U. S. A. native, Jerome Grindstafe, d. 1923;
5) 
John Frederick Repington Collis, d. 1938, a young Royal Navy pilot who died in a plane crash at Cochin. There is a memorial plaque for him in the St Francis Church, Fort Kochi;
6) Captain William Burns Wilson (d. 1918), only his infant daughter is recorded in the inventory;
7) Three names from Scotland: a) Frank MacDougall (d. 1923); b) J. J. Riddoch (d. 1950); and c) Hamish Watt MacKinlay (d. 1964). The latter is the latest European grave identified from the Veli cemetery


Venn (1950, pp. 132, 238-239) mentions about a particular spot in the Veli cemetery where seafarers and their family members were interred known as the Sailor's Corner". He lists at least 8 burials in the corner and they are:
1) Wife of John Tyson of Magna Bona (d. 1868)
2) Richard Hughes (d. 1869)
3) John Graham Dalbie (d. 1879)
4) Capt. Summerfield (d. 1870)
5) Mathew James Roe (d. 1872)
6) Captain Smith
7) A Second Officer
8)  A Cabin Steward


(2, 3, 4 and 5 were Ship Masters; 6, 7 and 8 were of the ship, Lulworth Hill). I have been able to trace the tomb of John Tyson's wife, which is at a spot facing the present western wall of the cemetery near the south-west corner. Roberts and Chekkutty (2017, p. 143) has her name and age, but the date of death is different from Venn's records: "Tyson, Mary Anne, wife of John Tyson, died 9 November 1862, age 46". None of the other tombs are traceable, they are not listed in the inventory as well, maybe they were simple burials without grave monuments.

I will not go through biographic details of the deceased as it is beyond the scope of this blog post. However, the list of all the identified names and their corresponding date of death and age are given. The inscriptions on the gravestones are provided as a separate text as well. Except a few incomplete gravestones all the epitaphs are fully deciphered. I hope these details would be a starting point for the descendants of those buried in this remote and rather unexplored cemetery, especially to those who do not know where their early ancestors were interred. I have photographed 87 tombs (i.e. 35 listed in the inventory +31 not listed in the inventory + 21 unidentified old graves), and have uploaded all of them here for future reference. The following are the list of burials identified in the Veli cemetery:

I) Graves listed in the Veli inventory and identified in the cemetery (35 nos)

No.

Name

Date of death

Age

1

Le Moine (Lemoine), Joseph Daniel

06/1855

62 (67)/2/18

2

Ballard, Joseph

02/1856

40/4

3

Bittler, Fanny (Frances) Agnes

05/1858

11 d

4

Drury, Annie Playfair

02/1859

27

5

Freywer, John Joseph

08/1859

32

6

Owen, Lucy

06/1861

43 (44)

7

Tyson, Mary Anne

11/1862

46

8

Rodgers, Julia (Juliana)

01/1863

73/8

9

Day, Emma Louise (Louisa) Susan

12/1863

5

10

Sparrow, Ethel Maude (Mauda)

04/1875

0/3

11

Stone, Arthur William

03/1876

60

12

Sibson, Valentine B

03/1877

32

13

Mitchell, Andrew

02/1879

32

14

Brunton, Mabel Rita

06/1880

0/6

15

Benson, Mary Frederica

12/1880

59/2/21

16

Symonds, Frederick John

04/1881

32

17

Gahan, Sophia (Sophie) Mary (Marie) Magdalene

09/1884 (1882)

53

18

Walker, Hall Melville

03/1886

41

19

Bastels (Bartels), Johann (John)

04/1886

50

20

Winckler, David Theobald Strauss

01/1887

6

21

Newell, Robert

04/1889

19

22

Klein, Wilhelm

12/1889

34 (36)

23

Sparrow, Isabel

09/1890

43

24

Black, Harold Neil

06/1891

01/5

25

Sealy, Alfred Forbes

10/1894

63

26

Stubner (Stuber), Christian Frederick

12/1894

66 (85)

27

Pemberton, Muriel Rita

03/1895

2/6/7

28

Grigg, Henry Bidewell

04/1895

52

29

Tanke (Tauxe), Louise Marie

04/1895

 

30

Brooks, Maria Louisa Elizabeth

04/1896

75

31

Vernede, Charles W E

12/1896

23 (19)

32

Vernede, Pauline Jane

01/1897

75

33

Weetman, Thomas Harrison

08/1897

22

34

Sparrow, Conrad Cecil Brunton

11/1901

30

35

Baby daughter of William Burns Wilson

08/1904 (1902)

 

Names and dates of the deceased as they appear in the inventory. If the names or dates in the epitaph differ from the inventory, they are separately noted in the brackets.

1) Le Moine (Lemoine), Joseph Daniel (d. 06/1855)-the oldest identifiable grave in the cemetery.

SACRED
TO THE MEMORY
OF
JOSEPH DANIEL LEMOINE
WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE
ON THE 3-JUNE 1855
AGED 67 YEARS 2 MONTHS & 18 DAYS
DEEPLY REGRETTED BY HIS WIFE
GRAND DAUGHTER & RELATIVES

2) Ballard, Joseph (d. 02/1856)

SACRED
TO THE MEMORY OF
JOSEPH BALLARD ESQR/
MANY YEARS A MERCHANT COCHIN
WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE
ON THE 20TH FEBRUARY 1856
AGED 40 YEARS & 4 MONTHS
DEEPLY REGRETTED BY A LARGE
CIRCLE OF RELATIVES & FRIENDS

THE SORROW NOT AS THOSE WHO
HAVE NO HOPE
FOR BLESSED ARE THE DEAD WHICH
DIE IN THE LORD

THIS MONUMENT IS ERECTED BY HIS
DEEPLY AFFLICTED WIDOW
AS A TOKEN OF HER LOVE & AFFECTION

3) Bittler, Fanny (Frances) Agnes (d. 05/1858)

IN MEMORY OF
FANNY (FRANCES) AGNES
THE INFANT DAUGHTER-
---

4) Drury, Annie Playfair (d. 02/1859)

SACRED TO THE MEMORY
OF
ANNIE PLAYFAIR
THE BELOVED AND
AFFECTIONATE WIFE OF
MAJOR HEBER DRURY
OF THE
25TH REGIMENT
SHE DIED AT BALGHATTY
ON THE 28TH OF FEBRUARY 1859
AGED 27 YEARS

5)  Freywer, John Joseph (d. 08/1859)

IN MEMORY OF
CAPT JOHN JOSEPH FREYWER
SON OF
CAPT M FREYWER
BORN AT COLOMBO
---

6) Owen, Lucy (d. 06/1861)

SACRED
TO THE MEMORY OF
LUCY
THE BELOVED WIFE OF
H F OWEN
BORN 12TH DECEMBER 1816
DIED AT COCHIN
28TH JUNE 1861

7) Tyson, Mary Anne (d. 11/1862)

IN MEMORY OF
MARY ANN
THE BELOVED WIFE OF
JOHN TYSON
---

8) Rodgers, Julia (Juliana) (d. 01/1863)

SACRED
TO THE MEMORY OF
JULIANA RODGERS
WIDOW OF THE LATE
JOSEPH RODGERS
OF MADRAS
WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE
ON THE 6TH OF JANUARY 1863
AGED 73 YEARS & 8 MONTHS
 
The Lord is my light and my salvation whom
shall I fear. The Lord is the strength of my
life, of whom shall I be afraid. Psalm.  XXVII. I

ERECTED TO THE MEMORY OF
THE MOST DEVOTED AND RELI(GIOUS)

9) Day, Emma Louise Susan (d. 12/1863)

SACRED
TO THE MEMORY OF
EMMA LOUISA SUSAN
ELDEST DAUGHTER OF
ASST. SURGEON AND MRS. DAY
BORN AT AURUNGABAD
JULY 22ND 1858
DIED AT COCHIN
DECEMBER 11TH 1863

10) Sparrow, Ethel Maude (Mauda) (d. 04/1875)

IN MEMORY OF
ETHEL MAUDE
BELOVED DAUGHTER OF
CONRAD BRYANT
& ISABEL SPARROW
BORN-JANUARY 1875
DIED 28TH APRIL 1875

11) Stone, Arthur William (d. 03/1876)

IN MEMORY OF
THE REVEREND
ARTHUR WILLIAM STONE
FOR FIVE YEARS
MINISTER OF COCHIN
AND A FAITHFUL SERVANT OF
JESUS CHRIST
DIED MARCH 26 1876
AGED 60

12) Sibson, Valentine B (d. 03/1877)

SACRED
TO THE MEMORY OF
VALENTINE B SIBSON
CHIEF OFFICER
B-S. N. CO'S S. S.-ALVORAHS
WHO DIED AT SEA
1ST MARCH 1877
THIS STONE IS ERECTED
BY HIS BROTHER OFFICERS
AS A TOKEN
OF THEIR ESTEEM

13) Mitchell, Andrew (d. 02/1879)

IN
LOVING MEMORY
OF
ANDREW MITCHELL
DIED ON BOARD THE SOUTHESK
COCHIN
6TH FEB 1879 AGED 32
I AM THE RESURRECTION
AND THE LIFE

14) Brunton, Mabel Rita (d. 06/1880)

(IN LOVING MEMORY OF)
MABEL RITA
DAUGHTER OF GEORGE & MARIA DE LA CARIDAD BRUNTON
---DIED--
---

15) Benson, Mary Frederica (d. 12/1880)

SACRED
TO THE MEMORY
OF
MARY FREDERICA
BENSON
WHO DEPARTED THIS
LIFE ON THE
(20) DECEMBER 1880
AGED 59 YEARS
2 MONTHS AND 21 DAYS

16) Symonds, Frederick John    (d. 04/1881)

1881
APRIL
2
FREDERICK JOHN SYMONDS
AGED
32
YEARS

17) Gahan, Sophia (Sophie) Mary (Marie) Magdalene [d. 09/1884 (1882)]

IN MEMORY OF
SOPHIE MARIE MAGDALENE
THE BELOVED WIFE OF
CAPTAIN RICHARD K GAHAN
WHO DIED
ON THE 11TH SEPTEMBER 1882

18) Walker, Hall Melville (d. 03/1886)

SACRED
TO THE MEMORY OF
HALL MELVILLE WALKER
PLEADER IN THE
BRITISH COURTS OF MALABAR
ADVOCATE OF THE COURTS
OF TRAVANCORE COCHIN
TINNEVELLY & CANARA
AND FOR OVER 20 YEARS
EDITOR OF THE WESTERN STAR
WHO DIED AT COCHIN
ON THE 6TH MARCH 1886
IN THE 41ST YEAR OF HIS AGE

TO COMMEMORATE HIS NAME AND THE
AFFECTION IT UNFAILINGLY INSPIRED THIS
TABLET IS ERECTED BY HIS WIDOW 

REQUIESCAT IN PACE

IN MAY FATHERS HOUSE ARE MANY MANSIONS
IF IT WERE NOT SO I WOULD HAVE TOLD YOU
FOR I GO TO PREPARE A PLACE FOR YOU

19) Bastels (Bartels), Johann (d. 04/1886)

HERE LIES IN GOD
SHIP CAPT. JOHN BARTELS
OF ELSFLED
COMMANDER OF THE BARQUE ARCO
DIED IN COCHIN 4TH APRIL 1886
AGED 50 YEARS
MAY HE REST IN PEACE

20) Winckler, David Theobald Strauss (d. 01/1887)

IN LOVING MEMORY
OF
DAVID THEOBOLD
STRAUSS
SON OF
JOSEPH & ELIZA
WINCKLER
BORN 18 FEBRY 188(1)
DIED 29 JANRY 18(87)
JESUS WILL FIND
HIM
 

21) Newell, Robert (d. 04/1889)

IN MEMORY OF
ROBERT NEWELL
SEAMAN OF SHIP LOCH ETIVE
DIED 24TH APRIL 1889

ERECTED BY OFFICERS & CREW

22) Klein, Wilhelm (d. 12/1889)

SACRED
TO THE MEMORY OF
WILHELM KLEIN
OF BASEL SWITZERLAND
AGENT FOR MESSrs. VOLKARTS BROS
COCHIN
CAPTAIN OF THE MALABAR
VOLUNTEER RIFLE CORPS
BORN 2nd JUNE 1853
DIED AT COCHIN 2nd DECEMBER 188(9)

RUHE IM FRIEDEN

23) Sparrow, Isabel (d. 09/1890)

IN MEMORY OF
ISABEL
THE BELOVED WIFE OF
CONRAD BRYANT SPARROW
OF PLYMOUTH DEVON
BORN JANUARY 22ND 1847
DIED SEPTEMBER 6TH 1890

24) Black, Harold Neil (d. 06/1891)

HAROLD NEILL
HE EVER DEAPLY LOVED SON OF
ERNEST & AMY BLACK
WHO FELL ASLEEP 6TH JUNE 1891
AGED 1 YEAR & 5 MONTHS

"IF THOU SHOULD'ST CALL ME TO RESIGN,
WHAT MOST I PRIZE IT NE'ER WAS MINE
I ONLY YIELD THEE WHAT IS THINE
THY WILL BE DONE."

25) Sealy, Alfred Forbes (d. 10/1894)

Epitaph

IN LOVING MEMORY

ALFRED FORBES SEALY
BORN OCT. 25TH 1831
DIED OCT. 28TH 1894

THE NIGHT IS FAR SPENT
THE DAY IS AT HAND
BE YE ALSO READY

SLEEP TILL THE END. TRUE SOUL AND SWEET 

Tablet in St Francis Church

To the Memory of
THE REV. ALFRED FORBES SEALY M. A.
OF CAIUS COLLEGE CAMBRIDGE
LATE DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTIONS
IN THE COCHIN STATE
AND PRINCIPAL OF ERNAKULAM COLLEGE
FOR 25 YEARS HE WAS A ZEALOUS LAY TRUSTEE
& FINALLY THE BELOVED MINISTER OF THIS CHURCH
ENDEARED TO ALL CLASSES OF SOCIETY BY HIS
LOVING SYMPATHY HE FELL ON SLEEP SUDDENLY
ON THE FIRST ANNIVERSARY OF HIS ORDINATION
SUNDAY 28TH OCTOBER 1894 AGED 63 YEARS

26) Stubner (Stuber), Christian Frederick (d. 12/1894)

IN LOVING MEMORY
CHRISTIAN STUBER
BORN 17TH FEBRUARY 1809
DIED 24TH DECEMBER 1894

I CAME TO JESUS AS I WAS,
WEARY AND WORN AND SAD
I FOUND IN HIM A RESTING PLACE
AND HE HAS MADE ME GLAD

27) Pemberton, Muriel Rita (d. 03/1895)

IN LOVING MEMORY OF
MURIEL RITA
DAUGHTER OF

SURGEON MAJOR R PEMBERTON
AND MABEL HIS WIFE
BORN 30TH AUGUST 1893
DIED 7TH MARCH 1895

AND JESUS CALLED A LITTLE CHILD UNTO HIM

28) Grigg, Henry Bidewell (d. 04/1895)

Epitaph

TO
the dear Memory of
HENRY BIDEWELL GRIGG

PRESIDENT IN TRAVANCORE AND COCHIN
BORN AT THEBERTON SUFFOLK
JUNE 17TH 1841
DIED AT BOLGHOTTY COCHIN
APRIL 5TH 1895

BLESSED ARE THE PURE IN HEART, FOR THEY SHALL SEE THE GOD
ST MATTHEW v. s.

Tablet in St Francis Church

TO THE GLORY OF GOD
AND
TO THE DEAR MEMORY OF
HENRY BIDEWELL GRIGG
C. I. E., M. A. OXON.
MADRAS CIVIL SERVICE
RESIDENT IN TRAVANCORE
AND COCHIN,
AND FOR TWELVE YEARS
DIRECTOR OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
IN THE MADRAS PRESIDENCY
BORN AT THEBERTON, SUFFOLK
JUNE 17TH 1841
DIED AT BOLGHOTTY, COCHIN
APRIL 5TH 1895
 

29) Tanke (Tauxe), Louise Marie (d. 04/1895)

LOUISE MARIE TAUXE
DIED 18TH APRIL 1895

30) Brooks, Maria Louisa Elizabeth (d. 04/1896)

TO THE MEMORY
OF
MARIA LOUISA ELIZABETH BROOKS
DIED 16TH APRIL 1896
AGED 75

HE GIVETH UNTO HIS BELOVED PEACE

31 and 32) Vernede, Charles W E (d. 12/1896) & Vernede, Pauline Jane (d. 01/1897)

IN
LOVING MEMORY OF
PAULINE J VERNEDE
BORN 8TH MAY 1821
DIED 6TH JANUARY 189(7)
AND OF
CHARLES W E VERNEDE
NEPHEW OF THE ABOVE
BORN 13TH OCTOBER 187(3)
DIED 2(4)TH DECEMBER 1896

33) Weetman, Thomas Harrison (d. 08/1897)

IN LOVING MEMORY OF
THOMAS HARRISON WETMAN
LATE OF ATHERSTONE, ENGLAND
BORN OCTOBER 10TH 1874. DIED AUGUST 25TH 1897
"WITH CHRIST WHICH IS FAR BETTER"

34) Sparrow, Conrad Cecil Brunton (11/1901)

IN
MEMORY OF
CONRAD CECIL BRUNTON SPARROW
BORN 29TH DECEMBER 1870
DIED 17TH NOVEMBER 1901

35) Baby daughter of William Burns Wilson (d. 08/1904 or 1902)

BABY
INFANT DAUGHTER OF
LOTTIE AND WILLIAM BURNS WILSON
14TH AUGUST 1902

SUFFER THE LITTLE CHILDREN
TO COME UNTO ME

II) Graves not in the Veli Inventory, but identified in the cemetery (31 nos)

No.

Name

Date of death

Age

1

Mathew John Williamson

04/1885

60

2

George Fernandez

12/1894

70

3

C B Sparrow

01/1906

50

4

Ralph B Sparrow

02/1906

24

5

Maria Victoria

08/1906

60

6

Duncan Mearns Cruickshank

06/1908

65

7

Esther Rebecca Levi Kregel

07/1908

80

8

Welhelmina Elizabeth

12/1908

24/8/22

9

Victor North Upton

12/1909

22

10

Samuel Archbald Locke

02/1912

60

11

William Burns Wilson

09/1918

42

12

Charles William Hadwen

01/1922

25

13

Maria Louisa

07/1922

76

14

Jerome Grindstafe

07/1923

46

15

Albert Cecil Morrel

08/1923

43

16

Hal Harrison Jones

11/1923

40?

17

R. Horn (Capt.)

10/1928

49

18

Frank MacDougall

10/1928

23

19

Edmund Francis Fernandez

09/1931

56

20

Alexander Farringdon Campbell

01/1932

 

21

Norman Cranston Bell

09/1934

19

22

Florence Fernandez

10/1934

49

23

Schier, C A

06/1935

31

24

John Frederick Repington Collis

12/1938

22

25

Geoffrey Edmund Hutton

1938?

 

26

Eric Kappeler

02/1942

14?

27

Derrick Edmond Fernandez

02/1942

19

28

Walter Victor Smith (Capt.)

05/1942

42

29

J J Riddoch

10/1950

21

30

Robert Chalmers Krerhe-(?)

07/1955

25

31

Hamish Watt MacKinlay

05/1964

40

 

EPITAPHS

1 and 5) MATTHEW JOHN WILLIAMSON & MARY VICTORIA
SACRED
TO THE MEMORY OF MATTHEW JOHN WILLIAMSON
BORN 11TH AUG 1824
DIED 18TH APRIL 1885
MARY VICTORIA
RELICT OF ABOVE
BORN 17TH NOVE 1845
DIED 9TH AUG 1906
WE LOVED THEM, UES NO TONGUE CAN TELL
HOW DEEP HOW DEARLY AND HOW WELL
GOD LOVED THEM TOO. HE THOUGHT IT BEST
TO TAKE THEM HOME FROM PAIN TO REST
ERECTED BY THEIR SORROWING CHILDREN

2 and 13) GEORGE FERNANDEZ & MARIA LOUISA
GEORGE FERNANDEZ
BORN 16TH AUGUST 1824
FELL ASLEEP 17TH DECEMBER 1894
AND HIS RELICT
MARIA LOUISA
BORN 10TH OCTOBER 1845
FELL ASLEEP 17TH JULY 1922
"I CAME TO JESUS AS I WAS
WEARY, AND WORN AND SAD
I FOUND IN HIM A RESTING PLACE
AND HE HAS MADE ME GLAD
GONE BUT NOT FORGOTTEN

3) RALPH B. SPARROW
IN
LOVING MEMORY OF
RALPH B. SPARROW,
BORN 5TH FEBRUARY 1876
DIED 6TH FEBRUARY 1906
What I do thou knowest not now,
but thou shall know hereafter
St John 15:6

4) C. B. SPARROW
IN
LOVING MEMORY OF
C. B. SPARROW,
BORN 13TH FEBRUARY 1876
DIED 8TH JANUARY 1906
Blessed are the dead who die in the Lord

6) DUNCAN MEARNS CRUICKSHANK
DUNCAN MEARNS CRUICKSHANK
WHO FELL ASLEEP AT ERNAKULAM
ON SUNDAY 28TH JUNE 1908
AGE 65 YEARS
OH WE MISS HIM AND HOW SADLY
OUR BLEEDING HEART ALONE CAN TELL
EARTH HAS LOST HIM. HEAVEN HAS WON HIM
JESUS HATH DONE ALL THINGS WELL
NOT LOST BUT GONE BEFORE

7) ESTHER REBECCA LEVI KREGEL
To The
MEMORY OF
ESTHER REBECCA LEVI KREGEL
BORN 5TH FEBRUARY 1828
DIED 6TH JULY 1908
R. I. P

8) WILHELMINA ELIZABETH

In Loving Memory of
WILHELMINA ELIZABETH
THE DEARLY BELOVED WIFE OF
CHRISTIE PEDRO
AND
DAUGHTER OF JOHN & JULIA D'CRUZ
WHO FELL ASLEEP IN JESUS
ON 10TH DECR: 1908
AGED 24 YEARS 8 MONTHS & 22 DAYS
gone but not forgotten

9) VICTOR NORTH UPTON
THIS STONE
IS ERECTED
BY FRIENDS
IN MEMORY
OF
VICTOR NORTH UPTON
BORN JAN 23RD 1887
DIED DEC 26TH 1909
OUR LIFE IS BUT A FADING DAWN
ITS GLORIOUS NOON HOW QUICKLY PAST
LEAD US O CHRIST WHEN ALL IS GONE
SAFE HOME AT LAST

EPITAPHS

10) SAMUEL ARCHBALD LOCKE
SAMUEL ARCHBALD LOCKE
BARRISTER-AT-LAW
BORN 12TH OCTOBER 1851
DIED 26TH FEBRUARY 1912
FOR 30 YEARS JUDGE OF THE
CHIEF COURT IN COCHIN STATE AND
FOR 25 YEARS CONNECTED WITH
THE MUNICIPALITY IN BRITISH COCHIN

TABLET-St Francis Church
IN AFFECTIONATE MEMORY OF
SAMUEL ARCHBALD LOCKE
BARRISTER-AT-LAW
BORN OCTOBER 12TH 1851
DIED FEBRUARY 26TH 1912
FOR 30 YEARS JUDGE OF THE CHIEF COURT IN COCHIN STATE
25 YEARS CONNECTED WITH THE MUNICIPALITY IN BRITISH COCHIN
FOR MANY YEARS A ZEALOUS WORKER AND LAY TRUSTEE OF THIS CHURCH
BELOVED BY ALL WHO KNEW HIM
THIS MEMORIAL IS ERECTED BY HIS FRIENDS

11) WILLIAM BURNS WILSON
WILLIAM BURNS WILSON
BORN JUNE 14TH 1876
DIED SEPTEMBER 19TH 1918
IN LOVING MEMORY OF
WILLIAM BURNS WILSON
BELOVED HUSBAND OF LOTTIE WILSON
AND MANAGER OF
MESSRS SHAW WALLACE & CO COCHIN

12) CHARLES WILLIAM HADWEN
IN LOVING MEMORY OF
CHARLES WILLIAM HADWEN
OF YATELEY HAMPSHIRE
LATE 4TH ARCYLL & SUTHERLAND HIGHLANDERS
BORN JULY 9TH 1896. DIED JANUARY 30TH 1922
REST IN THE LORD

14) JEROME GRINDSTAFE

IN LOVING MEMORY
OF
MY BELOVED HUSBAND
JEROME GRINDSTAFE
BORN IN TENNESSEE, U. S. A. 16TH OCT, 1876
DIED IN ERNAKULAM 27TH JULY 1923
GONE BUT NOT FORGOTTEN

15) ALBERT CECIL MORRELL
In Loving Memory
of
ALBERT CECIL MORRELL
WHO DIED AUG. 7TH 1923
AGED 43 YEARS
DEARLY LOVED BY ALL HIS BROTHERS & SISTER
"IN LIFE IN DEATH O LORD ABIDE WITH ME"

16) HAL HARRISON JONES
IN LOVING MEMORY
OF
HAL HARRISON JONES
DEARLY BELOVED HUSBAND
OF
CLAIRE PAULINE
BORN 9TH MARCH 18(83)
CALLED HOME
13TH NOVEMBER 1923
GOD IS LOVE

TABLET-St Francis Church
THE CLOCK ON THIS CHURCH WAS ERECTED
BY HIS MANY FRIENDS IN MALABAR
TO THE MEMORY OF HAL HARRISON JONES
MANAGING DIRECTOR OF ASPINWALL & Co Ltd
WHO DIED AT COCHIN ON 13TH NOVEMBER 1923

EPITAPHS

17) R. HORN
CAPTAIN R. HORN
DIED OCTOBER 14TH 1928
AGED 49 YEARS
THY WILL BE DONE

18) FRANK MACDOUGALL
IN MEMORY OF
FRANK MACDOUGALL
APPRENTICE "CLAN MURDOCH"
BORN STRATHPEFFER SCOTLAND. MARCH 13TH  1905
DIED COCHIN OCTOBER 27TH 1923
MY SUNSHINE


19) EDMUND FRANCIS FERNANDEZ
peace perfect peace
IN LOVING MEMORY
OF
MY BELOVED HUSBAND
EDMUND FRANCIS FERNANDEZ
BORN 18TH FEBRUARY 1875
FELL ASLEEP 23RD SEPTEMBER 1931
I CAME TO JESUS AS I WAS
WEAR, AND WORN, AND SAD
I FOUND IN HIM A RESTING PLACE
AND HE HAS MADE ME GLAD
ERECTED BY HIS SORROWING WIFE


20) ALEXANDER FARRINGDON CAMPBELL
IN LOVING MEMORY
OF
ALEXANDER FARRINGDON CAMPBELL
WHO PASSED AWAY
JANUARY 27TH 1932
REST IN PEACE

21) NORMAN CRANSTON BELL
IN LOVING MEMORY
OF
NORMAN CRANSTON BELL
THE BELOVED SON OF
NORMAN AND MARY BELL
OF COMBHILL FARM HALTWHISTLE
NORTHUMBERLAND, ENGLAND
WHO DIED ON THE 8TH SEP 1934 AGED 19
ON THE S S CLAN MAGNELL

OUT OF THE STRESS OF THE DOING
INTO THE PEACE OF THE DONE

22) FLORENCE FERNANDEZ
IN LOVING MEMORY
OF
FLORENCE FERNANDEZ
BORN 2ND DECEMBER 1884
FELL ASLEEP 5TH OCTOBER 1934
OH WE MISS HER AND HOW SADLY,
NONE BUT ACHING HEARTS CAN TELL
WE HAVE LOST HER, HEAVEN HAS FOUND HER
JESUS DOETH ALL THINGS WELL
ERECTED BY HER LOVING SISTER

23) C. A. SCHIER
HIER RUHT (Here rests)
C. A. SCHIER
OFFZ. D. LIEBENFELS
+14-10-1903 (born)
W. RHAUDERFEHN
+29-3-1935 (died)
RUHE SANFT (Rest gently)

24) JOHN FREDERICK REPINGTON COLLIS
IN HONOURED MEMORY
OF
JOHN FREDERICK REPINGTON COLLIS
SUB LIEUTENANT (A.) ROYAL NAVY
H. M. S. MANCHESTER
BORN AT (TEIGN)NMOUTH
DEVON ENGLAND
KILLED WHILE FLYING AT COCHIN
DECEMBER 23 1938
AGED 22 YEARS

25) GEOFFREY EDMUND HUTTON

IN MEMORY OF
GEOFFREY EDMUND HUTTON
--(38?)

26) ERIC KAPPELER
ERIC KAPPELER
8TH FEBRUARY 1942
14 YEARS

27) DERRICK EDMOND FERNANDEZ
TO THE MEMORY OF
PTE (PRIVATE)- DERRICK EDMOND FERNANDEZ
NILGIRI MALABAR BATTALION
WHO LOST HIS LIFE AT SEA WHILST
ON MILITARY DUTY 12TH FEBRUARY 1942
AGED 19 YEARS
HE DIED IN THE SERVICE OF HIS KING AND
COUNTRY. THE LORD HATH NEED OF HIM
THIS STONE WAS ERECTED BY
HIS MANY FRIENDS IN THE ARMY

28) WALTER VICTOR SMITH
CAPT WALTER VICTOR SMITH
OF S S LULWORTH HILL
BORN 14-11-1890 LAID TO REST 11-5-1942
CHERISHED HUSBAND OF ETHEL
AND DARLING DADDY OF BILLY
BARRY SOUTH WALES ENGLAND
LOVE KNOWETH NO END, PEACE

29) J. J. RIDDOCH
IN LOVING MEMORY OF
RADIO OFFICER J. J. RIDDOCH
ONLY SON OF MR. & MRS. J.
RIDDOCH, DUFFTOWN
SCOTLAND DIED AT COCHIN
25TH OCTOBER 1950
AGED 21 YEARS

30) ROBERT CHALMERS
IN LOVING MEMORY OF OUR BELOVED SON
ROBERT CHALMERS (KBERHE)-
BORN STENHOUSEMUIR 31-12-1929
DIED COCHIN 13-7-1955
IN THE SERVICE OF
THE CHARTERED BANK

31) HAMISH WATT MACKINLAY
In
Loving Memory of
HAMISH WATT MACKINLAY
EDINBURGH SCOTLAND
CHIEF OFFICER MERCHANT NAVY
DIED 3RD MAY 1964
AGED 40 YEARS


The last European burial identified in the cemetery-Hamish Watt MacKinlay (d. 1964)

Tablet in St Francis Church, Fort Kochi for John Repington Collis, d. 1938 (See Epitaph-24 in the 'List of Graves outside Veli inventory').

III) Unidentified graves in the Veli Cemetery. 

There are around 21 structures of old masonry which cannot be identified due to the lack of an epitaph or damaged inscriptions. Out of the 58 gravestones listed in the Veli inventory, 23 are yet to be traced, so many of the unidentified tombs may fit in this category, Unfortunately, they will remain anonymous due to the absence of inscriptions.



The need to conserve the existing epitaphs should be of prime importance, otherwise, permanent and irrecoverable loss of these surviving precious heritage of Cochin is not very far. If proper measures are not taken, it's only a matter of time before they are all gone.

REFERENCES

Roberts, John Cantwell and Chekkutty, N P (2017)-Malabar II: Christian Memorials Wynad to Travancore 1498-2014
Venn, T W (1947)-St Francis Church Cochin-Rotated
Venn, T W (1950)-Cochin Malabar Palms and Pageants

STATISTICS-VELI CEMETERY (European Monuments)
Total number of burials - 87
Number of identified epitaphs- 63 (this include 66 burials)
Number of unidentified graves- 21
Number of Memorial Tablets in St Francis Church- 5
Number of photographs uploaded- 114
(All photographs uploaded in this post were taken on June, 2023).

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INTRODUCTION

The monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity and Islam arrived India much before they reached the West. For instance, it is widely believed that Christianity reached the subcontinent only after Portuguese, the first European colonists arrived India in the 15th century. However, long before Christianity reached many parts of Europe, it came to India. According to strong, continuous and unanimous traditions among the ancient Syrian Christians of Kerala, Christianity was introduced to India by St: Thomas, the Apostle of Jesus Christ in 52 AD, who established seven churches in Kerala. Contrary to popular belief that Islam came to India through the 11th century Muslim invasions in the northern parts of the country, it first arrived Kerala via the Arab merchants from 7th century onwards at the earliest. Similarly, Judaism the oldest continuously practiced monotheistic religion has an Indian presence from very early times. If traditional accounts are to be accepted,India had a Jewish colony from the time of King Solomon (10th century BC)! Most importantly, all the three religions trace their arrival in India to the Malabar region of Southern India which is currently the modern State of Kerala. Since ancient times Kerala has been the center of the Indian spice trade where Greeks, Romans, Jews, Arabs and Chinese came for grabbing their part of share. To be specific, the first Jewish, Christian and Islamic settlements of India claim their origin to a place called Cranganore (modern Kodungallur) in Kerala.

Much has been written on Indian Jews, their unique culture and traditions. Among the three major Jewish communities in India, the “Kerala Jews” popularly known as“Cochin Jews” are the most ancient followed by the “Bene Israel” of Maharashtra and the “Baghdadi Jews” of West Bengal. Recently two more communities have claimed Jewish ancestry viz. “Bene Menasheh” (1970s) from North East India and “Bene Ephraim or Telugu Jews” (1980s) from Andhra Pradesh. A small population of Jews had migrated to India during the Mughal, Portuguese, Dutch, French and British rule as well. Perhaps the Jewish refugees from Hitler’s Anti-Semitic Europe were the last Jews to arrive India. In other words, Jews weren’t a single emigration to India. At different times they arrived and settled peacefully in India where they never experienced any anti-Semitism from the native Indian community. Although Jews supposedly reached Kerala as early as 1st century AD, there were many different waves of emigrations later as well. Gradually, Jews of Kerala became organized into three distinct groups, but the different communities interacted very less among themselves. 1) Malabari Jews: the largest and most ancient group considered to have arrived in India as merchants during the period of King Solomon (1000 BC). 2). ‘Paradesi’ (foreigner) Jews: the second largest and recent group (from 16th century onwards) who migrated mainly from Egypt, Iraq, Syria, Iran, Spain and Germany. 3). ‘Meshuhararim’ (released): the smallest group believed to be the slaves held by both Malabari and Paradesi communities who were converted to Judaism and later on released from their status as slaves. The Malabari Jews were called the ‘Black Jews’, the Meshuhararim-the ‘Brown Jews’ and the ‘Paradesi’-the ‘White Jews’-terms considered derogatory and racist today. The arguments on who came first and who are more pure were often fought vehemently and each sect defended their claims. The Jewish population of Kerala numbered 2,400 at the height of their “mass” emigration to Israel in 1954. Today (2011), less than 40 Jews remain in Kerala-9 Paradesi Jews comprising of 6 women and 3 men; and less than 30 Malabari Jews.

In a strong caste-based Indian society, fair skinned Paradesi Jews managed to win a privileged position although they were a minority and newly arrived. Their European background, influence and wealth managed to push the majority of relatively poor Malabar Jews into an inferior position in colonial India. Unfortunately, even today for many in the west and to a great extent in India too, the existence of Kerala’s ancient Malabari Jewish community and their heritage is far unknown. The famous Paradesi Synagogue in Cochin is perhaps the only monument that comes into the mind of many as far as Judaism in Kerala is concerned. Often mistakenly acclaimed to be the oldest (built 1568) synagogue in British Commonwealth, the Paradesi Synagogue however, is the only functional one in Kerala today (2011). Did the Jewish community of Kerala leave anything more than this famed synagogue? The answer is a big yes. Judaism in Kerala is not only about the Paradesi Jews of Cochin and their synagogue in Mattanchery. In fact, the Malabari Jews have seven synagogues and six cemeteries, and several aretfacts and monuments that are also part of Kerala’s rich Jewish heritage! This does not include the few existing Jewish homes and the many earlier Jewish residences converted into non-Jewish owned business buildings and private villas.

This blog will be an attempt to help people both inside and outside India to locate and learn about the known Jewish monuments of Kerala, that include synagogues, cemeteries and former Jewish residences. It will be equally pictorial and textual in format. One of the objectives of this blog is to help people in identifying all known Jewish monuments of Kerala through maps and photographs. Their left out synagogues and cemeteries are the physical landmarks that still stand in testimony to the vibrant and glorious heritage of Jews who claim at least 2000 years of strong and continuous bond with India. The big question is about the accessibility and identification of these monuments. Some of the cemeteries for example are so overgrown with weeds and turned into garbage dumping yards that even the locals have no clue about their existence. Most of the sites have no sign boards or maps available to pin point their exact location. The information from internet and other sources are also limited or at times misinformed when locating the monuments are concerned. I will try to get as many photographs as needed to help people understand these monuments and the blog will not be confined to the heritage of Paradesi Jews alone. For those synagogues that are disputed properties or lie in ruined state and are not accessible for the public I will only add photographs of the exterior. Some of the original Jewish artifacts from Kerala are preserved in Israel and what left here are the duplicates. In such cases, I will trace and append online links having the original photographs. Regarding the dates associated with the history of ‘Kerala Jews’, I have tried to incorporate the most popular views and need not always be the scholarly accepted ones. I shall be much glad if any one can contribute or provide details of additional monuments, sites or artifacts you think can be classified as part of Jewish heritage of Kerala.

Being also a photoblog, I will be concentrating more on the photographs taken from various Jewish monuments in Kerala. Not many sites are available online that go deep into the structural and historic details of these heritage units with photographs. However, we are lucky to have a few very enlightening resources. The“Friends of Kerala Synagogues 2011”(Prof. Jay A. Waronker, USA; Prof. Shalva Weil, Israel; Marian Scheuer Sofaer, USA; Isaac Sam, India and Tirza Muttath Lavi, Israel) maintain an excellent site on the synagogues of Kerala. I strongly recommend anyone interested in ‘Jewish synagogues of Kerala’ to go through their highly informative links. Whenever, I refer to their site, it will be acknowledged as ‘www.cochinsyn.com’. The other very important site I recommend is the beautiful photo collection by Jono David in his Ha Chayim Ha Yehudim Jewish Photo Library’. He has photographs from many Jewish monuments of India. Although he has got wrong one of the synagogues (Mattancherry Kadavumbagam Synagogue) the site has largely helped me to identify the Jewish cemeteries in Kerala.

JEWISH MONUMENTS & ARTIFACTS OF KERALA

The most important Jewish heritage structures in Kerala are the synagogues (Juda Palli in Malayalam), cemeteries and residences.

A. Synagogues

Today, there are 35 synagogues in India and 7 of them are in Kerala. The architectural style of Kerala synagogues differs from those in the west. These synagogues are strongly influenced from earlier Hindu religious buildings on its design and construction. They are characterized by high slope roofs, thick laterite-stoned walls, large windows and doors, balcony and wood-carved ceilings. A Kerala synagogue consists of a ‘Gate House’ at the entrance that leads through a Breezeway to the Synagogue Complex. The synagogue complex is made of a fully enclosed Azara or Anteroom and a double-storeyed sanctuary-the main prayer hall. Inside a typical double-storeyed sanctuary of a ‘Kerala Synagogue’ are:

1) A Tebah/Bimah: Located at the center of the sanctuary, Tebah is usually an elevated wooden platform or pulpit from which Torah, the holy book of Jews is read. 2) A Heichal (Ark): Represents the altar. It is a chest or cupboard in the synagogue where the Torah scrolls are kept. It is usually carved intricately and painted/gilded with teak wood. Unlike in the European Synagogues, where the ark is placed on the eastern wall, the synagogues in Kerala have the arks on the western wall facing Jerusalem. 3) A Balcony/Second Tebah: It is unique to the synagogues of Kerala. The balcony has two portions one for men and the other for ladies. Women’s seating area is placed directly above the azara. 4) A Staircase: Leads to the balcony and is generally spiral in shape and made of wood. At times there are two staircases, one for men from the main hall inside the synagogue and the other for the ladies from a staircase room outside the synagogue; 5) A Jewish School: Is actually a classroom for Jewish children usually located behind the women’s section on the first floor.

B. Cemeteries

Resting place of ancestors means a lot to the Jewish community. Sometimes they even carried tombstones from their old settlements while migrating to a newer place. The oldest Jewish tomb in India (dated 1269 AD) preserved in front of Chendamangalam synagogue is one such transferred from Kodungallur. Unlike Christian tombs in Kerala with Malayalam and English engravings, the Jewish graves have mostly Hebrew inscriptions. The Jewish year can be converted into modern Gregorian date if one can read the Hebrew letters. ‘Reading Hebrew Tombstones’ is an interesting site to read the Jewish tombs.

C. Jewish Residences

Today, most of the early Jewish homes sold to non-Jews are substantially modified or refurbished. However, there are a few features that still make them identifiable. Sometimes you can trace Jewish symbols like Menorah (candlestick) and Magen David (Star of David) on the walls, windows and roof tops. For example, a few residences in Mattancherry still maintain the Star of David (Magen David) despite being converted into shops or warehouses. The best way to locate the home of a residing Jew is to look for the Mezuzah on the door post. Nailed to the doorpost of a Jewish home, Mezuzah is a small container made of wood, plastic or metal having a piece of parchment with the most important words from the Jewish Holy Book, Torah. It is customary among religious Jews to touch the mezuzah on entering or leaving the home. A few homes in the Synagogue Lane of Mattancherry with mezuzah are the residences of the remaining 9 Paradesi Jews.

The Jewish monuments and artifacts I will be discussing in this blog are:

I Synagogues

1. Pardesi Synagogue, Mattancherry (1568)

2. Kadavumbagam Synagogue, Mattancherry (1130 or 1539)

3. Thekkumbagam Synagogue, Mattancherry (1647, only the building site known)

4. Kadavumbagam Synagogue, Ernakulam (1200)

5. Thekkumbagam Synagogue, Ernakulam (1200 or 1580))

6. Paravur Synagogue (750 or 1164 or 1616)

7. Mala Synagogue (1400 or 1597)

8. Chendamangalam Synagogue (1420 or 1614)

(The various speculated dates of establishment in parenthesis are taken from www.cochinsyn.com, coutesy Prof. Jay A. Waronker)

II Cemeteries

1. Pardesi Jewish Cemetery, Mattancherry

2. Malabari Jewish Cemetery, Mattancherry

3. Old Jewish Cemetery, Ernakulam

4. New Jewish Cemetery, Ernakulam

5. Paravur Jewish Cemetery

6. Mala Jewish Cemetery

7. Chendamangalam Jewish Cemetery

III Jew Streets

1. Jew Street Mattancherry (Jewish residences with Mezuzah and Magen David)

2. Jew Steet, Ernakulam (today all shops in non-Jewish hands)

3. Jew Street, Paravur (Twin Pillars)

4. Jew Street, Mala (Gate House and Breezeway of synagogue turned into shops)

5. Jew Street, Chendamangalam (used to be a Jewish Market or Judakambolam)

6. Jew Street, Calicut (identified in July 2011 as Jootha (Jew) Bazar)

IV Other Monuments & Artifacts

1. Tomb of Sarah (1269 AD), Chendamangalam

2. Kochangadi Synagogue Corner-stone, Mattancherry

3. Jewish Children’s Play Ground, Mattancherry

4. Clock-Tower, Mattancherry

5. Sarah Cohen’s Embroidery Shop, Mattancherry

6. Jew Hill/Judakunnu/Jewish Bazar, Palayur

7. Jew Tank/Judakkulam, Madayi

8. Koder House, Fort Kochi

9. Grand Residencia, Fort Kochi

10. Jewish Summer Resorts, Aluva

11. Jewish Copper Plates, Mattancherry

12. Syrian Copper Plates, Kollam

13. Torah Finial, Palayur

V Lost Jewish Colonies

1. Kodungallur (Thrissur)

2. Palayur (Thrissur)

3. Pullut (Thrissur)

4. Kunnamkulam (Thrissur)

5. Saudhi (Ernakulam)

6. Tir-tur (Ernakulam)

7. Fort Kochi (Ernakulam)

8. Chaliyam (Kozhikode)

5. Pantalayani Kollam (Kozhikode)

9. Thekkepuram (Kozhikkode)

10. Muttam (Alappuzha)

11. Kayamkulam (Alappuzha)

12. Dharmadom (Kannur)

13. Madayi (Kannur)

14. Quilon (Kollam)

15. Pathirikunnu, Krishnagiri (Waynad)

16. Anchuthengu (Thiruvananthapuram)